<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ignacio Bermudez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stefano Traverso</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marco Mellia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurizio Munafo'</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A Distributed Architecture for the Monitoring of Clouds and CDNs: Applications to Amazon AWS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amazon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AWS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CDNs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clouds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In press</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Clouds and CDNs are systems that tend to separate the content being requested by users from the physical servers capable of serving it. From the network point of view, monitoring and optimizing performance for the traffic they generate is a challenging task, given the same resource can be located in multiple places, which can in turn change at any time. The first step in understanding Cloud and CDN systems is thus the engineering of a monitoring platform. In this paper, we propose a novel solution which combines passive and active measurements, and whose workflow has been tailored to specifically characterize the traffic generated by Cloud and CDN infrastructures. We validate our platform by performing a longitudinal characterization of the very well known Cloud and CDN infrastructure provider Amazon Web Services (AWS). By observing the traffic generated by more than 50,000 Internet users of an Italian ISP, we explore the EC2, S3 and CloudFront AWS services, unveiling their infrastructure, the pervasiveness of web-services they host, and their traffic allocation policies as seen from our vantage points. Most importantly, we observe their evolution over a two- year long period. The solution provided in this paper can be of interest for i) developers aiming at building measurement tools for Cloud Infrastructure Providers, ii) developers interested in failure and anomaly detection systems, and iii) third-party SLA certificators who can design systems to independently monitor performance. At last, we believe the results about AWS presented in this paper are interesting as they are among the first to unveil properties of AWS as seen from the operator point of view.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ignacio Nicolas Bermudez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stefano Traverso</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marco Mellia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurizio M Munafo'</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exploring the Cloud from Passive Measurements: the Amazon AWS case</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 32nd Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM'2013)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turin, Italy</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Cloud Providers are nowadays the most popular way to quickly deploy new services on the Internet. Understanding mechanisms currently adopted in cloud design is fundamental to identify possible bottlenecks, to optimize performance, and to design more efficient platforms. This paper presents a characterization of Amazon's Web Services (AWS), the most prominent cloud provider that offers computing, storage, and content delivery platforms. Leveraging passive measurements collected from several vantage points in Italy for several months, we explore the EC2, S3 and CloudFront AWS services to unveil their infrastructure, the pervasiveness of content they host, and their traffic allocation policies. Measurements reveal that most of the content residing on EC2 and S3 is served by one single Amazon datacenter located in Virginia despite it appears to be the worst performing one for Italian users. This causes traffic to take long and expensive paths in the network. Since no automatic migration and load-balancing policies are offered by AWS among different locations, content is exposed to outages, as we were able to observe in our data. The CloudFront CDN, on the contrary, shows much better performance thanks to the effective cache selection policy that serves 98% of the traffic from the nearest available cache. CloudFront exhibits also dynamic load-balancing policies, in contrast to the static allocation of instances on EC2 and S3. Information presented in this paper will be useful for developers aiming at entrusting AWS to deploy their contents, and for researchers willing to improve cloud design.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ignacio Nicolas Bermudez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marco Mellia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurizio M Munafo'</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ram Keralapura</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antonio Nucci</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNS to the rescue: Discerning Content and Services in a Tangled Web</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internet Measurement Conference 2012</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mPlane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">passive measurement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WP2</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2398776.2398819&amp;coll=DL&amp;dl=GUIDE&amp;CFID=225051145&amp;CFTOKEN=42401286</style></url></web-urls></urls><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACM</style></edition><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACM</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boston, MA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">413-426</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-1-4503-1705-4</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;div class=&quot;page&quot; title=&quot;Page 1&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;layoutArea&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;column&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;A careful perusal of the Internet evolution reveals two major trends - explosion of cloud-based services and video stream- ing applications. In both of the above cases, the owner (e.g., CNN, YouTube, or Zynga) of the content and the organiza- tion serving it (e.g., Akamai, Limelight, or Amazon EC2) are decoupled, thus making it harder to understand the associ- ation between the content, owner, and the host where the content resides. This has created a tangled world wide web that is very hard to unwind, impairing ISPs’ and network administrators’ capabilities to control the traffic flowing in their networks. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;In this paper, we present DN-Hunter, a system that lever- ages the information provided by DNS traffic to discern the tangle. Parsing through DNS queries, DN-Hunter tags traf- fic flows with the associated domain name. This association has several applications and reveals a large amount of use- ful information: (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) Provides a fine-grained traffic visibility even when the traffic is encrypted (i.e., TLS/SSL flows), thus enabling more effective policy controls, (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) Identifies flows even before the flows begin, thus providing superior net- work management capabilities to administrators, (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;iii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) Un- derstand and track (over time) different CDNs and cloud providers that host content for a particular resource, (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;iv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) Discern all the services/content hosted by a given CDN or cloud provider in a particular geography and time interval, and (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) Provides insights into all applications/services run- ning on any given layer-4 port number. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;We conduct extensive experimental analysis and show re- sults from real traffic traces (including FTTH and 4G ISPs) that support our hypothesis. Simply put, the information provided by DNS traffic is one of the key components re- quired for understanding the tangled web, and bringing the ability to effectively manage network traffic back to the op- erators.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</style></abstract><num-vols><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></num-vols></record></records></xml>